The same general remarks apply as for the midterm: we are looking for mostly qualitative understanding, and general appreciation of the trend implied by mathematical formulae. As in the midterm, there will be no formal calculations. A rough guide to the new material follows, with textbook refs in [  ], class refs in (  ), keywords in italics; for the material prior to the midterm, consult the midterm study guide.

Properties of Stars
Luminosity Classes [10.3, 10.7, 10.8] (class 19): supergiants, giants and dwarfs, relation to stellar radius and surface gravity, notation, relation to absolute magnitude supergiants, giants, dwarfs, class I, class III, class V
Surface gravity [1.7] (class 19): acceleration of gravity, g, relation to mass and size of body, weight and mass g, weight
Apparent and absolute magnitude [10.4] (class 19): definitions aof apparent and absolute magnitude, relation to distance, relation to luminosity, relation to spectral type apparent magnitude, absolute magnitude
Abundances [9.3] (class 18): abundances of elements in the Sun, the Cosmic Abundance curve, the most abundant elements in the Universe, implications Solar abundance, cosmic abundance
Stellar masses [10.9] (classes 20, 22, 23): center of mass, measurement of solar mass, visual, spectroscopic and eclipsing binaries, radial velocity curve, single-lined spectroscopic binaries, masses of planets center of mass, visual binary, spectroscopic binary, eclipsing binary, doppler shift
Doppler Shift [Box 2-2] (class 22): the Doppler effect and calculation of radial velocity doppler shift, blueshift, redshift, radial velocity

Telescopes and Observations
Telescopes [3.1, 3.2] (class 20): refracting and reflecting telescopes, focal arrangements of reflecting telescopes, effects of mirror diameter, resolution, sensitivity, aberrations erfractor, reflector, focus, primary mirror, resolution, spherical aberration, chromatic aberration
Observing [3.2] (class 21): atmospheric seeing, atmospheric windows, good site qualities, advantages of space observation, active optics seeing, atmospheric transparency, active optics
Interferometry [3.4] (class 22): resolution advantages of interferometers, Very Large Array (radio), Keck telescopes (optical) radio interferometer, optical interferometer

Main Sequence Stars
Interior of the Sun [9.1,9.2] (class 23): gravitational instability and hydrostatic equilibrium in the Sun, gravitational and thermal energy in the Sun, thermal equilibrium, the perfect gas law, central temperature and density of the Sun hydrostatic equilibrium
Nuclear Fusion Reactions [9.5] (class 24, 25): fusion of hydrogen to helium, binding energy curve, e = mc^2, stellar "fuel" fusion, binding energy
Energy transfer [9.2] (class 24): conduction, convection and radiation in MS stellar interiors, diffusion time, stellar photosphere conduction, convection, radiation, diffusion, photosphere
Stability [9.2, 9.7] (class 24, 25): Why main sequence stars are stable stability
Mass-Luminosity Relation [10.9] (class 23, 25): how the luminosity increases with mass along the main sequence, main sequence lifetimes, main sequence mass limits mass-luminosity relation, main sequence lifetime

The HR Diagram
Sequences in the HR Diagram [10.8] (class 20): supergiant, giant, main sequence and white dwarf stars and their location on the HR Diagram supergiant, giant, main sequence, white dwarf
Nearest and Brightest Stars [10.7] (class 19): nearest and brightest stars and their location on the HR Diagram, volume-limited and magnitude-limited surveys and their differences volume-limited survey, magnitude-limited survey
Luminosity Function [10.7] (class 20): construction of a luminosity function, main-sequence luminosity function main sequence luminosity function

Star Formation and Stellar Evolution
Star Formation [Chapter 11] (class 26): the interstellar medium, nebulae and giant molecular clouds, collapse of cloud cores and conservation of angular momentum, disk formation, protostars, bipolar flow, pre-main sequence stars, location of forming stars onthe HR diagram interstellar medium, giant molecular cloud cores, angular momentum, protostars, bipolar flow, pre main sequence stars
Clusters [10.10, 11.7] (class 25, 26): open and globular clusters, cluster HR diagrams, main sequence turnoff point, cluster ages open cluster, globular cluster, main seequence turnoff point
Low Mass and High Mass Stellar Evolution [] (class 27): qualitative difference between low and high mass post main sequence evolution, Chandrasekhar Limit, neutron star limiting mass stellar evolution, mass loss, Chandrasekhar limit, electron degeneracy pressure
Stellar remnants (low mass evolution) [12.2, 12.4] (class 27, 28): the end products of low mass stellar evolution, planetary nebulae and white dwarfs, novae and type I supernovae planetary nebula, white dwarf, nova, type I supernova, electron degeneracy pressure
Stellar remnants (high mass evolution) [12.3, 12.4, 13.1,13.2,13.2,13.4] (class 28, 29, 30): the end products of high mass stellar evolution, neutron stars and type II supernovae, pulsars, black holes, black holes in mass transfer binaries neutron star, pulsar, type II supernova, black hole
Properties of Black Holes [13.4]-13.7 (class 30): warping of space and time near a black hole and observational consequences, special and general relativity event horizon, time dilation, gravitational redshift
Stellar Nucleosynthesis [9.5, 12.4] (class 28): the formation of the elements inside stars and during type II supernovae nucleosynthesis

Milky Way
The Milky Way Galaxy ("the Galaxy") [Chapter 14] (class 31, 32): shape and size of the Galaxy, bulge, disk and halo, dust and gas in the Galaxy, Populations I and II, 21 cm radiation and its distribution, spiral arms, rotation of the Galaxy, mass of the Galaxy from the Solar motion bulge, disk, halo, gas, dust, populations I and II, spiral arms

Extragalactic Astronomy
Normal Galaxies [15.1] (class 32, 37): Spiral, elliptical and irregular galaxies, barred spiral galaxies, the Hubble sequence, interacting galaxies spiral galaxy, elliptical galaxy, irregular galaxy, Hubble sequence, galaxy merger
The Hubble Law [15.5] (class 33): galaxy redshifts and the redshift-distance relation, the Hubble constant, expansion of the Universe, the Big Bang as cosmic origin Hubble Law, Hubble constant, big bang
The Distance Ladder [15.2, 15.5] (class 32, 33): distances from standard candles and rulers, the supernova cosmology project, the value of the Hubble constant standard candle, standard ruler, type I supernovae, distance ladder
Cosmology [17.2,17.3,17.4] (class 33, 34): the Big Bang and the dynamics of the expansion of the Universe, the cosmological principle, cosmological models, open, closed and flat universes, the critical density, cosmological tests, the deceleration or acceleration of the Universe, the fate of the Universe cosmological principle, open, closed and flat universes, critical density, deceleration
Large Scale Structure [15.2, 17.1, 17.5] (class 35, 36): groups and clusters of galaxies, redshift surveys, filaments and voids, structure in the cosmic microwave background radiation, the cosmic web group, cluster, redshift survey, filament, void, cosmic microwave background radiation (CMBR)
Dark Matter [15.3,17.3] (class 36, 37): dark matter in galaxies and cluters, flat rotation curves, gravitational lensing, giant arcs in clusters, MACHOs and WIMPs, microlensing dark matter, flat rotation curve, lensing, giant arc, MACHO, WIMP, microlensing
Inflation [17.7] (class 35): the horizon problem, cosmic inflation the horizon problem, cosmic inflation

The Solar System
Formation of the Solar System [4.3,4.4] (class 38): the solar nebula, condensation theory, terrestrial and Jovian planets, motions in the Solar System, compositions in the Solar System solar nebula, condensation theory, planetesimal, accretion, cleanup, bombardment
Other Solar systems [Box 4-2] (class 38): the newly-discovered solar system around the nearby star Upsilon Andromedae, and its implications Upsilon Andromedae
Comparison of the terrestrial planets [Chapter 6] (class 39, 40, 41): interiors of rocky planets, heating and cooling, relation to size of planet, atmospheres of planets, heating and cooling, retention of an atmosphere, theoretical and actual surface temperatures, the greenhouse effect, nature, origin and evolution of the atmospheres of Earth, Mars and Venus, the history of water on Earth, Mars and Venus interior, differentiation, core, mantle, crust, uncompressed density, geology, atmosphere, volatiles, surface temperature, theoretical temperature, greenhouse gas, greenhouse effect, runaway greenhouse, run away refrigerator, geological activity, tectonic activity, water cycle, CO2 cycle
The Outer Solar System [Chapter 7 (part of)] (class 42): Questions raised in the movie : "I Will See Such Things" (see handout on the movie --- class 42) Jovian planet, rings, satellites, magnetic field