| Introduction |
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| | BT | 1 | INTRODUCTION |
| | | 1.1 | An Overview of the Observations |
| | | | 1 Stars |
| | | | 2 The Galaxy |
| | | | 3 Other galaxies |
| | | | 4 Open and globular clusters |
| | | | 5 Groups and clusters of galaxies |
| | | | 6 Galactic nuclei |
| | SG | 1.1 | The stars |
| | | 1.2 | Our Milky Way |
| | | 1.3 | Other Galaxies |
| | BM | 1 | GALAXIES: AN OVERVIEW |
| | | 1.1 | Introduction |
| | | 1.2 | A Brief History of Galactic Astronomy |
| | | 1.2.1 | Photometric models of the Milky Way |
| | | 1.2.2 | The nature of the spiral nebulae |
| | | 1.2.3 | Kinematic models of the Milky Way |
| | | 1.2.4 | Stellar populations |
| | | 1.2.5 | More recent developments |
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| Morphology & environment |
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| | BM | 4.1 | Morphological Classification of Galaxies |
| | | 4.1.1 | The Hubble sequence |
| | | 4.1.2 | Effects of environment |
| | | 4.1.3 | The galaxy luminosity function |
| | | 4.1.4 | The Local Group |
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| Elliptical galaxies. I |
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| | BM | 4.2 | Surface Photometry of Galaxies |
| | | 4.2.1 | The night sky |
| | | 4.2.2 | Effect of seeing |
| | | 4.2.3 | Deprojecting galaxy images |
| | | 4.3 | Photometry of Elliptical Galaxies |
| | | 4.3.1 | Radial surface-brightness profiles of elliptical galaxies |
| | | 4.3.2 | Color and line-strength gradients of elliptical galaxies |
| | | 4.3.3 | Shapes of elliptical galaxies |
| | | 4.5 | Globular Cluster Systems |
| | | 4.5.1 | Globular cluster luminosity function |
| | | 4.5.2 | Specific frequency of globular clusters |
| | | 4.5.3 | Radial density profiles and shapes |
| | | 4.5.4 | Color distributions |
| | SG | 6.1 | Photometry |
| | | 6.1.1 | The shapes of elliptical galaxies |
| | | 6.1.2 | Twisty, disky, or boxy? |
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| Elliptical galaxies. II |
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| | BM | 8.3 | The ISM in Elliptical Galaxies |
| | | 8.3.1 | X-ray emitting plasma |
| | | 8.3.2 | Cool gas in ellipticals |
| | | 11.1 | Measuring the Kinematics of External Galaxies |
| | | 11.1.1 | Mean velocities and velocity dispersions |
| | | 11.1.2 | Analysis of line profiles |
| | | 11.1.3 | Position-velocity diagrams and data cubes |
| | | 11.2 | The Stellar Kinematics of Elliptical Galaxies |
| | | 11.2.1 | Large-scale properties |
| | | 11.2.2 | Decoupled cores |
| | | 4.3.4 | Correlations among global parameters of elliptical galaxies |
| | SG | 6.2.1 | Measuring stellar velocities |
| | | 6.2.2 | The Faber-Jackson relation and the fundamental plane |
| | | 6.3 | Stellar Populations and Gas |
| | | 6.5.1 | Rich clusters of galaxies |
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| Disk galaxies. I |
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| | BT | 6.1 | 1 Observations |
| | BM | 4.4 | Photometry of Disk Galaxies |
| | | 4.4.1 | Photometric effects of dust |
| | | 4.4.2 | Overall shapes of disk galaxies |
| | | 4.4.3 | Bulge-disk decomposition |
| | | 4.4.4 | Shapes of bulges |
| | | 4.4.5 | Color and metalicity gradients in disk galaxies |
| | | 4.4.6 | Spiral structure in disk galaxies |
| | | 4.4.7 | Barred galaxies |
| | SG | 5.1.2 | Surface photometry of disk galaxies |
| | | 5.2.2 | Cool gas in the disk |
| | | 5.4.1 | Observed spiral patterns |
| | | 5.4.3 | Barred disks |
| | | 5.5 | Bulges and the Centers of Disk Galaxies |
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| Disk galaxies. II |
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| | BM | 8.2 | The ISM in Disk Galaxies |
| | | 8.2.1 | Global measures |
| | | 8.2.2 | Radial density profiles |
| | | 8.2.3 | Azimuthal distributions |
| | | 8.2.4 | Velocity fields of disks |
| | | 8.2.5 | S0 galaxies |
| | | 8.2.6 | Metallicities of disk galaxies |
| | | 8.2.7 | Magnetic fields |
| | | 8.2.8 | Star formation in disk galaxies |
| | | 11.3 | The Stellar Kinematics of Disk Galaxies |
| | | 11.3.1 | Bulge kinematics |
| | | 11.3.2 | Disk kinematics |
| | SG | 5.3 | Gas Motions and the Masses of Disk Galaxies |
| | | 5.3.1 | The rotation curve |
| | | 5.3.3 | The Tully-Fisher relations |
| | | | Interlude: the sequence of disk galaxies |
| | | 5.6.1 | Gas in groups of galaxies |
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| Distances |
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| | BM | 7.3 | Relative Distance Indicators |
| | | 5.1.10 | Pulsating stars |
| | | 7.3.1 | Luminosities of variable stars |
| | | 7.3.2 | Luminosity functions |
| | | 7.3.3 | Novae and supernovae |
| | | 7.3.4 | Distances from galaxy kinematics |
| | | 7.3.5 | Surface brightness fluctuations |
| | | 7.4 | Results |
| | | 7.4.1 | Distances within the Local Group |
| | | 7.4.2 | Distances beyond the Local Group |
| | | 7.4.3 | The asymptotic Hubble constant |
| | SG | 4.1.2 | Variable stars as `standard candles' |
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| Gravitational fields |
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| | BT | 2 | 1 General results |
| | | 2.1 | Spherical Systems |
| | | | 1 Newton's theorems |
| | | | 2 Potentials of some simple systems |
| | | 2.2 | Potential-Density Pairs for Flattened Systems |
| | | | 1 Plummer-Kuzmin models |
| | | | 2 Logarithmic potentials |
| | | 2.6 | 3 Disk potentials via Bessel functions |
| | SG | 3.1 | |
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| Orbits, integrals, & chaos |
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| | BT | 3.1 | Orbits in Static Spherical Potentials |
| | | | 1 Constants and integrals of the motion |
| | | 3.2 | Orbits in Axisymmetric Potentials |
| | | | 1 Motion in the meridional plane |
| | | | 2 Surfaces of section |
| | | 3.3 | Orbits in Planar Non-Axisymmetric Potentials |
| | | | 1 Two-dimensional nonrotating potential |
| | | 3.4 | Orbits in Three-Dimensional Triaxial Potentials |
| | | | 1 Nonrotating potential |
| | SG | 3.1 | Motion Under Gravity |
| | | 6.2.4 | Stellar orbits in a triaxial galaxy |
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| Collisionless Boltzmann equation |
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| | BT | 4 | 1 The relaxation time |
| | | 4.1 | The Collisionless Boltzmann Equation |
| | SG | 3.2 | Why the Galaxy isn't Bumpy: Two-Body Relaxation |
| | | 3.2.1 | Strong close encounters |
| | | 3.2.2 | Distant weak encounters |
| | | 3.4 | The Collisionless Boltzmann Equation |
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| N-body methods |
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| | BT | 2.8 | Numerical Methods |
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| Dark matter in disk galaxies |
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| | BT | 10.1 | 6 Rotation curves of galaxies |
| | | | 7(a) Tidal radii |
| | | | 7(b) Disk stability |
| | SG | 5.3.2 | Dark matter in disk galaxies |
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| Shapes of elliptical galaxies |
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| | BT | 4.3 | The Virial Equations |
| | SG | 6.2.3 | How fast should an elliptical galaxy rotate? |
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| Dark matter in elliptical galaxies |
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| | BT | 4.2 | The Jeans Equations |
| | | | 1(d) Velocity dispersions in spherical systems |
| | | 10.1 | 7(c) X-ray halos of elliptical galaxies |
| | SG | 6.4 | Dark matter and black holes |
| | | 6.4.1 | Dark halos |
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| Black holes in galactic nuclei |
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| | BM | 11.2.2 | Detection of black holes |
| | | 4.6 | Abnormal Galaxies |
| | | 4.6.2 | Systems with active galactic nuclei |
| | | 4.6.3 | Host galaxies of AGN |
| | | 4.6.4 | The unified model of AGN |
| | SG | 6.4.2 | Central black holes? |
| | | | |
| | Kormendy, J. & Richstone, D. 1995, ARA&A 33: 581-624 |
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| Local stability of disk galaxies |
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| | BT | 6.2 | Wave Mechanics of Differentially Rotating Disks |
| | | | 1 Preliminaries |
| | | | 3 Local stability of differentially rotating disks |
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| Theories of spiral structure |
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| | BT | 3.2 | 3 Nearly circular orbits: epicycles and the velocity ellipsoid |
| | | 6.3 | 2(a) The swing amplifier |
| | | 6.4 | Theories of Spiral Structure |
| | | | 1 The Lin-Shu hypothesis |
| | | | 2 Other density-wave theories |
| | | | 3 Other theories |
| | | | 4 Summary |
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| The bar instability |
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| | BT | 3.3 | 2 Two-dimensional rotating potential |
| | | 3.3 | 3 Weak bars |
| | | 6.3 | Global Stability of Differentially Rotating Disks |
| | | | 1 Numerical work on disk stability |
| | | | 2(b) Feedback loops |
| | | | 2(c) Physical interpretation of the bar instability |
| | | 6.5 | Bars |
| | | | 1 Bars as stellar systems |
| | | | Gas dynamics in barred galaxies |
| | | | Summary |
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| Warped disk galaxies |
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| | BT | 6.6 | Warps |
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| | Binney, J. 1992, ARA&A 30: 51-74 |
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| Groups, clusters & LSS |
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| | SG | 7.1 | Observations of Large-Scale Structure |
| | | 7.3 | Growth of Structure: Peculiar Motions |
| | | 7.3.1 | How do peculiar velocities bulid up? |
| | | 7.4 | Growth of Structure: Clusters, Walls, and Voids |
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| Interactions & dynamical friction |
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| | BT | 7.1 | Dynamical Friction |
| | | | 1 Applications of dynamical friction |
| | | 7.4 | 2 Mergers of spinning galaxies |
| | SG | 5.6.2 | Galaxy collisions and mergers |
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| | Barnes, J.E. & Hernquist, L. 1992, ARA&A 30: 705-742 |
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| Mergers & starburst galaxies |
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| | BT | 7.4 | Mergers |
| | | | 1 Encounters between spherical galaxies |
| | | | 3 Observations of galaxy mergers |
| | BM | 4.6.1 | Starbursting systems
| | SG | 6.5.2 | Elliptical galaxies: nature, nurture, or merger? |
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| | Sanders, D.B. & Mirabel, I.F. 1996, ARA&A 34: 749-792 |
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| Spectrophotometric evolution |
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| | BT | 9.1 | Luminosity and Color Evolution of Galaxies |
| | | | 1 Elliptical galaxies |
| | | | 2 Spiral galaxies |
| | | | 3 Observations |
| | BM | 5.4 | Evolution of stellar populations |
| | | 5.4.1 | Analytical results |
| | | 5.4.2 | Numerical models of population evolution |
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| Chemical evolution |
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| | BT | 9.2 | Chemical Evolution of Disk Galaxies |
| | | | 1 The one-zone model |
| | | | 2 The disk-spheroid model |
| | | | 3 The accretion model |
| | | | 4 Relationship between metallicity and age |
| | | | 5 Summary |
| | | 9.3 | Early Evolution of Spheroidal Components |
| | | | 1 Inflows and outflows |
| | | | 2 Chemical enrichment of spheroidal components |
| | | | 3 Summary |
| | BM | 5.2 | Synthesis of the chemical elements |
| | | 5.2.1 | Basic nuclear physics |
| | | 5.2.2 | Metal production at ... |
| | | 5.2.3 | Supernovae |
| | | 5.3 | Models of Chemical Enrichment |
| | | 5.2.1 | The closed-box model |
| | | 5.2.2 | The leaky-box model |
| | | 5.2.3 | The accreting-box model |
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| Evolution of star clusters |
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| | BT | 8 | KINETIC THEORY |
| | | 8.2 | The Gravothermal Catastrophe |
| | | 8.4 | The Evolution of Spherical Stellar Systems |
| | | | 1 Evaporation and ejection |
| | | | 2 Core collapse |
| | | | 3 Equipartition |
| | | | 4 Binary stars |
| | | | 5 Inelastic encounters |
| | | | 6 Binaries and core collapse |
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| Populations & components of the MW |
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| | BM | 10.1 | Gross Structure form Surface Photometry |
| | | 10.2 | The Bulge |
| | | 10.4 | The Structure of the Stellar Disk |
| | | 10.5 | The Halo |
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| Kinematics of the disk |
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| | BM | 10.3 | Kinematics of Stars Near the Sun |
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| Globular clusters, moving groups & other relics |
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| | BM | 10.7 | Formation and Evolution of the Mikly Way |
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