References

Astronomy 626: Spring 1997

Books and papers marked with a `*' are on reserve in the IfA library.

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  Proceedings of a landmark conference on elliptical galaxies. The photographs aint too bad either!

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  HST photometry of Virgo ellipticals reveals two types of light profiles.

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  EINSTEIN observations of hot gas in E galaxies.

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  Uses line profiles to identify disks in E galaxies.

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  Presents 2-D multicolor surface photometry of a sample of elliptical galaxies.

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  Presents kinematic data for 22 elliptical galaxies showing that the rotation and minor axes are well-aligned in many though not all galaxies.

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  A study of the shapes and kinematic diversity of 38 elliptical galaxies.

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  Neutral hydrogen ring around E galaxy IC 2006 reveals an axisymmetric halo potential.

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  Deprojects HST radial brightness profiles of E galaxies.

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• Gerhard, O.E. & Binney, J.J. 1985, M.N.R.A.S. 216, 467.

• Gilmore, G.F., King, I.R., & van der Kruit, P.C. 1989, The Milky Way as a Galaxy (GKvdK89).*

  More than a study of the Milky Way, this well-organized volume of Saas-Fee lectures places our galaxy in context with similar systems.

• Gilmore, G., Wyse, R.F.G., & Kuijken, K. 1989, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap., 27, 555.

  Reviews structure and populations of Milky Way.

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  Applies updated inclination test to Sb & Sc galaxies.

• Hunter, C. & de Zeeuw, P.T. 1992, Ap. J. 398, 79.

• Hunter, C. & Qian, E. 1993, M.N.R.A.S. 262, 401.

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  Discovery paper for Sagittarius Dwarf Galaxy.

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  Photographic photometry of elliptical galaxies.

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  This major review article summarizes the photometry and kinematics of elliptical and disk galaxies in the pre-CCD era.

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  Uses core-parameter correlations to show that dwarf spheroidal galaxies form a family distinct from normal ellipticals.

• Kormendy, J. 1987, in de Zeeuw 1987, p. 17 (K87).

  Reviews the state-of-the-art on the cores of elliptical galaxies.

• Kormendy, J. & Bender, R. 1996, Ap. J., 464, L119.

  Proposes boxy/disky classification for E galaxies.

• Kormendy, J. & Djorgovski, S. 1989, Ann. Rev. Astr. Ap. 27, 235 (KD89).*

  A detailed and careful review of elliptical galaxies, emphasizing photometry but also touching on kinematics.

• Kormendy, J. et al. 1994, in ESO/OHP Workshop on Dwarf Galaxies, eds. G. Meylan & P. Pruginel, p. 147.

  Early results from HST observations of E galaxies.

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• Lance, C. 1988, Ap. J. 334, 927.

  Describes a young, metal-poor population in the galactic halo.

• Landau, L.D. & Lifshitz, E.M. 1987, Fluid Mechanics.*

  A classic work on fluid and gas dynamics. An old proverb, perhaps untrue but still too good to pass up, says ``Not a word of Landau's, not a thought of Lifshitz's.''

• Lauer, T.R. 1985a, M.N.R.A.S. 216, 429.

  Describes low-contrast features, including boxy isophotes, in E ans S0 galaxies.

• Lauer, T.R. 1985b. Ap. J. Sup. 57, 473.

  CCD photometry of elliptical galaxies.

• Lauer et al. 1995. A. J.

  HST photometry of the central regions of elliptical galaxies.

• Levison, H.F. 1987, Ap. J. 320, L93.

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• Levison, H. & Richstone, D. 1985, Ap. J. 295, 349.

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• Malin, D.F. & Carter, D. 1980, Nature 285, 643.

  Early description of shells in E galaxies.

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  Reports observations of moving groups in galactic halo.

• Merritt, D. 1985, M.N.R.A.S 214, 25p.

• Merritt, D. 1987, Ap. J. 319, 55.

• Merritt, D. & Aguilar, L.A. 1985, MNRAS 217, 787.

• Merritt, D. & Hernquist, L. 1991, Ap. J. 376, 439.

• Merritt, D. & Sellwood, J.A. 1994, Ap. J. 425, 551.

• Merritt, D. & Stiavelli, M. 1990, Ap. J. 358, 399.

• Merritt, D. & Valluri, M. 1996, Ap. J. 471, 82.

• Merrifield, M.R. & Kuijken, K. 1994, Ap. J. 432, 575.

  Discovery of counterrotating disk in NGC 7217.

• Mihalas, D. & Binney, J.J. 1981, Galactic Astronomy (MB81).*

  Companion volume to Galactic Dynamics; not quite so up to date, but a valuable source of galaxy data.

• Miralda-Escude, J. & Schwarzschild, M. 1989, Ap. J. 339, 752.

• Miyamoto, M. & Nagai, R. 1975, PASJ 27, 533.

• Morgan, W.W. 1958, Pub. A.S.P. 70, 364.*

  Defines the Morgan system of galaxy classification.

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• Mushotzky, R.F. et al. 1994, Ap. J. 436, L79.

• Newton, A. & Binney, J.J. 1984, M.N.R.A.S. 210, 711.

• Norris, J.E. 1996, in Formation of the Galactic Halo... Inside and Out, eds. H. Morrison & A. Sarajedini, p. 14.

  Reviews halo and disk populations of Milky Way.

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  Study of RR Lyrae stars in bulge of Mikly Way.

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• Peletier, R.F., Valentijn, E.A., Moorwood, A.F.M., Freudling, W., Knapen, J.H., Beckman, J.E. 1995, Astr. Ap. 300, L1.

  Uses differential extinction at B and K to estimate opacity of Sb and Sc galaxies.

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• Pierce, M.J. & Tully, R.B. 1992, Ap. J. 387, 47.

  Recent work on luminosity-linewidth relation for disk galaxies.

• Pickles, A. 1987. in de Zeeuw 1987, p. 203.

  Reviews population synthesis of elliptical galaxies.

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• Preston, G.W., Beers, T.C., & Shectman, S.A. 1994, A. J. 108, 538.

  Reports observations of blue, metal-poor dwarf stars in galactic halo.

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  Reviews shells in elliptical galaxies.

• Richstone, D.O. & Tremaine, S.D. 1988, Ap. J. 327, 82.

• Rix, H.W. & White, S.D.M. 1990, Ap. J. 362, 52.

  Models elliptical galaxies with embedded disks and shows that such disks may be present in most radio-weak ellipticals.

• Rix, H.W. & White, S.D.M. 1992, M.N.R.A.S. 254, 389.

  Describes a technique for extracting line-of-sight velocity distributions from absorption-line spectra.

• Rix, H.W., Franx, M., Fisher, D., & Illingworth, G. 1992, Ap. J. 400, L5.

  Describes counterrotating disks in NGC 4550.

• Rubin, V.C. 1983, Science 220, 1339.

  Reviews optical work on galactic rotation curves.

• Rubin, V.C., Graham, J.A., & Kenney, J.D.P. 1992, Ap. J. 394, L9.

  Discovery of counterrotating disks in NGC 4550.

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• Salamon, J.K. & Warren, M.S. 1993, J. Comp. Phys. 111, 136

• Sandage, A. 1961, The Hubble Atlas of Galaxies.*

  Besides its spectacular pictures, this book codifies the Hubble system of galaxy classification.

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  Reviews the major systems of galaxy classification.

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• Sargent, W.L. et al. 1978, Ap. J. 221, 731.

• Sargent, W.L.W., Schechter, P.L., Boksenberg, A., & Shortridge, K. 1977, Ap. J. 212, 326.

  Describes fourier transform method for analyzing absorption line profiles.

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• Schechter, P. 1987. in de Zeeuw 1987, p. 217.

  Reviews attempts to reconstruct the true shapes of elliptical galaxies.

• Schwarzschild, M. 1979, Ap. J. 232, 236.

• Schwarzschild, M. 1993, Ap. J. 409, 563.

• Schweizer, F. 1979. Ap. J. 233, 23.

  Shows that a seeing-broadened de Vaucouleurs law fits the luminosity profiles of elliptical galaxies.

• Schweizer, F. 1987 in de Zeeuw 1987, p. 109.

  Reviews the dust and gas content of elliptical galaxies.

• Schweizer, F. & Seitzer, P. 1992, A. J., 104, 1039.

  This paper correlates `fine structure' in elliptical galaxies with their colors. Contains recent references on fine structure measurements.

• Schweizer, F., van Gorkom, J.H., & Seitzer, P. 1989, Ap. J. 338, 770.

  Describes neutral-hydrogen ring and dark halo of elliptical galaxy IC 2006.

• Searle, L. & Zinn, R. 1978, Ap. J. 225, 357.

  Proposes that galactic halo formed by coalescence of small fragments instead of coherent collapse.

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• Sugimoto, D. et al. 1990, Nature 345, 33.

• Tinsley, B.M. 1980, Fund. Cosmic Physics 5, 287.

  Classic work on broadband population synthesis models.

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  Describes cross-correlation method for measuring absorption-line profiles.

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• Trinchieri, G. & Fabbiano, G. 1985, Ap. J., 296, 447.

  Describes X-ray halos of E galaxies.

• Tully, R.B. & Fisher, J.R. 1977, Astr. Ap. 54, 661.

  Describes empirical relation between luminosity and rotation velocity for disk galaxies.

• Valentijn, E.A. 1990, Nature 346, 153.

  Argues that disks of Sb and Sc galaxies are optically thick throughout.

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  Neutral-hydrogen study of rotation in disk galaxies.

• van den Bergh, S. 1960a, Ap. J. 131, 215.
• van den Bergh, S. 1960b, Ap. J. 131, 558.

  These papers describe the DDO system of galaxy classification.

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• van der Kruit, P.C. & Searle, L. 1981b, Astr. Ap. 95, 116.
• van der Kruit, P.C. & Searle, L. 1982, Astr. Ap. 110, 61.

  Describes the vertical structure of disk galaxies.

• van der Marel, R. 1991, M.N.R.A.S. 253, 710.

• van der Marel, R., Binney, J.J., & Davies, R.L. 1990, M.N.R.A.S. 245, 582.

• van der Marel, R.P. & Franx, M. 1993, Ap. J. 407, 525.

  Describes the Gauss-Hermite series parameterization for absorption-line profiles.

• van der Marel, R.P., Rix, H.-W., Carter, D., Franx, M., White, S.D.M., de Zeeuw, T. 1994, M.N.R.A.S. 268, 521.

  Describes analysis of non-gaussian line profiles in galaxies with claimed black holes.

• van Gorkom, J.H. 1992, in Morphology and Physical Classification of Galaxies, ed. M. Capaccioli et al., p. 233.

• Weiland, J.L., Arendt, R.G., Berriman, G.B., Dwek, E., Freudenreich, H.T., Hauser, M.G., Kelsall, T., Lisse, C.M., Mitra, M., Moseley, S.H., Odegard, N.P., Silverberg, R.F., Sodroski, T.J., Spiesman, W.J., Stemwedel, S.W. 1994, Ap. J. 425, L81.

  Describes COBE observations of bulge, supporting triaxial shape.

• Weinberg, M.D. 1993, Ap. J. 410, 543.

• Wevers, B.M.H.R., van der Kruit, P.C., & Allen, R.J. 1986, Astr. Ap. Supp. 66, 505.

  Color gradients of bulges.

• White, S.D.M. 1982, in Morphology and Dynamics of Galaxies, ed. L. Martinet & M. Mayor, p. 291.

• Whitford, A.E. & Rich, R.M. 1983. Ap. J. 274, 723.

  Presents metallicities of K giants in Baade's window.

• Wirth, A. & Shaw, R. 1983. A. J. 88, 171.

  Discusses color gradients in spheroidal systems.

• Wielen, R. (ed) 1990. Dynamics and Interactions of Galaxies.

  Proceedings of the first conference to give extensive coverage to interactions of galaxies.

• Wyse, R.F.G. 1992, in The Astronomy and Astrophysics Encyclopedia, ed. S. Maran, p. 227.

  Reviews galactic structure and populations.